Palantir Technologies has no parent company. It is an independent, publicly traded American company, and its largest reported shareholder is Vanguard Capital Management with 7.28% of Class A stock as of March 31, 2026. Palantir had a market cap of about $427 billion on September 18, 2026.

Palantir ownership at a glance

Who owns Palantir today?

Palantir had 2,397,157,109 shares outstanding on April 6, 2026, according to its proxy statement. That total included 2.30 billion Class A shares, 100.2 million Class B shares and 1,005,000 Class F shares.

Index funds and asset managers hold most of the Class A stock. Vanguard Capital Management reported 166.9 million shares as of March 31, 2026. Vanguard split its reporting across separate units in January 2026, so older filings show a single, larger Vanguard figure.

Peter Thiel is the largest individual owner. Through PLTR Holdings, STS Holdings II and two Rivendell entities, he held about 98.3 million shares across all three classes in April 2026. That works out to roughly 4.1% of shares outstanding.

Alex Karp sells stock on a regular schedule under a Rule 10b5-1 plan. His August 20, 2026 filing showed 6.8 million Class A shares held directly after the latest sales.

Together, the three founders and their affiliates held about 170.4 million shares in April 2026. That equals about 7.1% of the company. Palantir does not publish a single figure for employee ownership.

Who controls Palantir?

Control sits with the founders, not the largest shareholders. Palantir has three share classes. Class A carries one vote per share, and Class B carries ten.

Class F shares have a variable vote count. All of them sit in a founder voting trust run by Wilmington Trust for Karp, Stephen Cohen and Thiel. The votes adjust so the founders’ combined voting power equals 49.999999%, as long as they hold at least 100 million equity securities.

In the June 3, 2026 director election, Class F shares carried 1.27 billion votes, or 27.7% of the total. Two of the three founders must agree on how the trust votes.

The board has seven directors, and four are independent. Thiel has been chairman since 2003, Karp has been CEO since 2005, and Cohen is president. A similar founder-first model is behind Mark Zuckerberg’s voting control at Meta, though Meta uses two share classes instead of three.

Who are Palantir’s largest shareholders?

The register splits into passive institutions, a founder block and a large retail base. Figures come from filings made on different dates, so they do not add up to a precise total.

Most of these institutional stakes come from index products. Palantir joined the S&P 500 on September 23, 2024, which required index funds to buy the stock. The same pattern shows up in Alphabet’s shareholder register, where Vanguard and BlackRock hold large stakes with limited voting weight.

Who are the biggest investors in Palantir?

Before its listing, Palantir raised close to $3.3 billion from private investors, according to Forge Global. Its last private valuation was about $20 billion, set in 2015.

CNN reported that the company received early financial backing from the CIA through its venture arm, In-Q-Tel. Later rounds brought in large strategic and financial backers:

• Founders Fund, the venture firm where Thiel has been a partner since 2005
• In-Q-Tel, the CIA-backed investment firm
• Sompo Holdings, which put in $500 million in 2020
• Fujitsu, which invested $50 million in 2020
• Tiger Global, Fidelity and Morgan Stanley

Many of these early holders sold after the listing, since a direct listing has no lock-up period. Private data-software rivals still depend on venture rounds, as the ownership of Databricks shows.

Is Palantir publicly traded?

Yes. Palantir trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker PLTR. It first listed on the New York Stock Exchange through a direct listing on September 30, 2020.

The NYSE set a $7.25 reference price, and shares opened at $10. The company issued no new shares. Palantir moved its listing to Nasdaq on November 26, 2024. The stock closed at $177.64 on September 18, 2026.

FAQ

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Android is owned by Google LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., a US company listed on Nasdaq. Alphabet had a market cap of about $4.15 trillion on September 23, 2026. Android is a product, so it has no shareholders, board or valuation of its own.

Android ownership at a glance

Android sits inside Google, so most ownership details below belong to Alphabet.

Who owns Android today?

The ownership chain has three layers: Alphabet Inc. owns XXVI Holdings Inc., which owns Google LLC, and Google LLC develops and owns Android.

Android is not a separate company. It has no board or balance sheet, so no investor can buy a stake in it directly.

Google publishes Android’s core code through the Android Open Source Project under the Apache 2.0 license. Anyone can use that code. Google still holds the Android trademark and decides what goes into each release.

Phone makers such as Samsung, Xiaomi and Motorola build devices on Android but do not own it. Makers that want Google Play and Google’s apps sign licensing agreements with Google.

Who controls Android?

Control of Android runs through Alphabet’s voting shares. Class A stock (GOOGL) carries one vote, Class B carries ten votes and does not trade, and Class C stock (GOOG) carries none.

As of April 6, 2026, co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin owned about 89.4% of Class B stock. That gave them 52.7% of total voting power, according to Alphabet’s SEC filings.

With that majority, the pair can elect every director. Both left executive roles in 2019 and still sit on the ten-member board, which John L. Hennessy chairs.

Sundar Pichai is CEO of Alphabet and Google. Sameer Samat runs Android day to day. The same voting split applies across the company, as this breakdown of Google’s shareholders and voting power shows.

Android’s acquisition and ownership history

Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White founded Android Inc. in Palo Alto in October 2003. The startup first planned software for digital cameras, then moved to phones.

Google bought Android Inc. in July 2005. It did not announce a price, and later reports put the deal at about $50 million. Rubin, Miner and White joined Google.

A year later, Google paid $1.65 billion for a video site, and YouTube’s ownership now runs through the same parent chain.

Google formed the Open Handset Alliance in November 2007. The first Android phone, the T-Mobile G1, went on sale in October 2008.

Pichai took charge of Android in March 2013, and Rubin left Google in 2014. When Google reorganized under Alphabet on October 2, 2015, Android stayed inside Google.

On September 2, 2025, Judge Amit Mehta ruled in the US search antitrust case that Google would not face a forced sale of Android. In March 2026, Samat said a combined Android and ChromeOS platform was on track for a 2026 release.

Who are the biggest investors in Android’s parent company?

Android has no investors of its own. A stake in Android means a stake in Alphabet, where index fund managers hold the largest economic positions and the founders hold the votes.

• Vanguard Capital Management: 436,027,408 Class A shares, 7.48% of the class, per a 2026 SEC filing
• BlackRock: 356,934,964 Class A shares, about 6.1% of the class, per the April 2026 proxy
• Larry Page: 389,051,160 Class B shares, 27.4% of total votes
• Sergey Brin: 358,939,978 Class B shares, 25.3% of total votes

Vanguard split its reporting across separate advisers in January 2026, so its funds now file individually. Alphabet’s self-driving unit works differently, since Waymo has sold minority stakes to outside investors.

Is Android publicly traded?

No. Android has no ticker symbol. Investors who want exposure buy Alphabet Class A shares (GOOGL) or Class C shares (GOOG) on Nasdaq.

Alphabet has not announced any plan to spin off or list Android. The Justice Department sought a possible Android sale in its search case, and the September 2025 ruling left it out of the final judgment.

FAQ

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SpaceX owns Cursor. The Nasdaq-listed rocket and AI company bought Anysphere, the San Francisco developer of Cursor, in an all-stock deal valued at $60 billion that closed on August 14, 2026. Cursor is now a wholly owned subsidiary inside SpaceX’s SpaceXAI division, and Elon Musk controls SpaceX.

Cursor ownership at a glance

The table below lists who owns Cursor as of September 2026, based on SpaceX filings and company announcements.

Who owns Cursor today?

SpaceX owns 100% of Anysphere Inc., the legal entity that does business as Cursor. The deal became effective on August 14, 2026, according to a SpaceX regulatory filing.

At closing, all Anysphere common and preferred shares converted into 389,289,254 SpaceX Class A shares. Vested employee stock units also became SpaceX shares. Unvested units and options turned into SpaceX equity awards.

The founders, venture backers, and staff no longer hold Cursor stock. They hold SpaceX stock instead.

The sale started as an option. In April 2026, SpaceX secured the right to buy Cursor for $60 billion or pay $10 billion for joint work. It exercised that right on June 16, 2026.

Cursor kept its brand, blog, and legal entity. It also kept buying companies: it acquired Graphite in December 2025 and announced Firetiger on August 13, 2026, one day before the close.

The price reflects fast sales growth. Cursor passed $1 billion in annual recurring revenue in November 2025, as detailed in this breakdown of how Cursor makes money.

Who owns SpaceX, Cursor’s parent company?

SpaceX has been public since June 12, 2026, when its Class A shares began trading on Nasdaq under the ticker SPCX. The IPO sold 555.6 million shares at $135 each and valued the company at about $1.77 trillion, CNBC reported.

Elon Musk controls SpaceX through two share classes. Class A shares carry one vote each, and Class B shares carry ten.

Before the listing, Musk held 12.3% of Class A shares and 93.6% of Class B shares, according to the S-1 filing. That gave him 85.1% of voting power. CNBC put his voting power at over 82% after the offering.

Musk is SpaceX’s CEO, CTO, and board chairman. SpaceX qualifies as a controlled company under Nasdaq rules, so it does not need a majority-independent board. Final control over Cursor sits with Musk.

What else does SpaceX own besides Cursor?

SpaceX runs rocket launches and the Starlink satellite internet network. On February 2, 2026, it acquired xAI in a deal that valued SpaceX at $1 trillion and xAI at $250 billion, Reuters reported.

The xAI deal brought in the Grok chatbot and the social platform X, which xAI had absorbed in March 2025. Cursor’s closing announcement named Grok 4.6 as an early result of the two teams’ work.

In May 2026, SpaceX also agreed to buy Mesh Optical Technologies, a maker of optical transceivers for data centers, according to its quarterly 10-Q filing.

Who are the biggest investors in Cursor?

Before the sale, Cursor raised money from a short list of venture firms and tech companies. Each received SpaceX Class A stock at closing. Individual stake sizes were never made public.

• Thrive Capital co-led the $60 million Series A in August 2024 and led the $900 million Series C in June 2025.
• Andreessen Horowitz co-led the Series A and joined the Series C and Series D.
• Accel and Coatue co-led the $2.3 billion Series D in November 2025 at a $29.3 billion valuation.
• Nvidia and Google joined the Series D as new investors.
• The OpenAI Startup Fund led the 2023 seed round.

The Series D is covered in this AI funding roundup for November 9 to 15, 2025. The chart shows how Cursor’s price rose from round to round.

In spring 2026, Cursor was in talks to raise about $2 billion at a $50 billion valuation. That round never closed because SpaceX moved to buy the company.

Is Cursor publicly traded?

No. Cursor has no ticker because it is a subsidiary of SpaceX. Investors can get indirect exposure by buying SpaceX, which trades on Nasdaq as SPCX.

Cursor never filed for its own IPO before the sale. Its founders and early backers reached the public market through the SpaceX stock they received at closing.

For AI companies that remain private and still raise capital, see this list of the 50 best-funded AI startups.

FAQ

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Manus AI has no single controlling owner. Butterfly Effect Pte. Ltd., the Singapore company that builds Manus, is led by founder Xiao Hong and held by the founding team alongside investors led by Tencent, after Meta’s completed $2 billion acquisition was blocked by Chinese regulators and unwound in 2026.

Manus AI ownership at a glance

Who owns Manus AI today?

The founding team retained its role after the ownership upheaval of 2026. Xiao Hong remains chief executive, Ji Yichao serves as chief scientist, and Zhang Tao leads product. When Meta’s acquisition was unwound, a group of existing investors, including Tencent, HongShan Capital Group (formerly Sequoia Capital China), and ZhenFund, financed a buyback of Meta’s stake. That transaction valued Manus at roughly $2 billion, according to Financial Times reporting from mid-2026. No public breakdown of individual ownership percentages has been disclosed.

By September 2026, the Wall Street Journal reported Manus was negotiating a new $500 million round at a $4 billion valuation. Potential new backers named in that reporting include Contemporary Amperex Technology, IDG Capital, and Boyu Capital, alongside returning investors Tencent, HongShan, and ZhenFund. Benchmark Capital, which led the company’s 2025 Series B, is not expected to take part in this round.

Who controls Manus AI?

Control and ownership are not identical here. Financial Times reporting described Tencent as positioned to become Manus’s largest external shareholder after the 2026 buyback, not as a controlling owner. Day-to-day leadership stayed with the founding team, which said it would keep steering product development once the company resumed independent operations on September 1, 2026.

Manus has not published a board composition or a dual-class share structure. The outcome so far has been shaped less by any single shareholder and more by Chinese regulators, whose foreign investment security review forced the Meta deal to unwind in the first place.

Manus AI’s funding and ownership history

Xiao Hong founded Butterfly Effect in Beijing in April 2022, initially building the Monica browser assistant. Manus launched in invite-only beta on March 6, 2025, and drew rapid attention. On April 25, 2025, the company raised a $75 million Series B led by Benchmark, valuing it near $500 million, with Tencent, ZhenFund, and HongShan also participating; total disclosed funding reached about $85 million. Through mid-2025, core operations moved from Beijing to Singapore under the entity Butterfly Effect Pte. Ltd.

Meta announced a completed acquisition of the company on December 29-30, 2025, reported above $2 billion. China’s regulator blocked the deal on April 27, 2026, and ordered it unwound. Meta said it was cutting ties on June 15, 2026, and existing investors financed a buyback around that time at close to the original $2 billion valuation. Manus told users on August 11, 2026 that it would operate independently, and formally resumed independent operations on September 1, 2026.

Manus AI’s valuation, 2025-2026

Who are the biggest investors in Manus AI?

Manus’s investor base has stayed largely consistent since 2025, with the target valuation the main thing that has changed. Reported investors include:

• Tencent Holdings
• HongShan Capital Group, formerly Sequoia Capital China
• ZhenFund
• Benchmark Capital, lead investor in the 2025 Series B, not reported as part of the 2026 ownership talks

Wall Street Journal reporting in September 2026 named Contemporary Amperex Technology, IDG Capital, and Boyu Capital as potential participants in a new funding round, alongside the returning backers above.

Is Manus AI publicly traded?

No. Manus, through Butterfly Effect Pte. Ltd., remains privately held. The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2026 that the company is weighing a corporate restructuring as a step toward listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, alongside its funding talks. No date for a listing has been set.

Frequently asked questions

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Gemini is owned by Google LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOGL, GOOG). Alphabet is publicly traded, with a market capitalization of roughly $4.5 trillion as of August 2026. No outside company holds a controlling stake, and founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin retain majority voting power through Class B shares.

Gemini ownership at a glance

What is Gemini and who runs it?

Gemini is Google’s family of AI models and the consumer assistant built on top of them. Google DeepMind, the research division formed in April 2023 from the merger of DeepMind and Google Brain, develops the models. Demis Hassabis leads Google DeepMind as CEO.

Google introduced Gemini in December 2023 and folded its earlier assistant, Bard, into the Gemini brand in February 2024. Google reported the Gemini app had passed 750 million monthly active users by the end of 2025, following the release of Gemini 3.

Gemini has never been spun out or sold. It stays inside Alphabet’s structure, distributed through Search, Android, Chrome, Workspace, and Google Cloud rather than operating as a standalone company with its own investors.

Who owns Alphabet, Google’s parent company?

Institutional asset managers hold the largest blocks of Alphabet stock. Vanguard Group holds about 7.7%, BlackRock about 6.6%, and State Street about 3.5%, according to filings compiled in late 2025. Individual insiders and the general public hold the rest, with no single investor controlling the company outright.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin remain Alphabet’s largest individual shareholders through their combined stake, most of it in Class B shares that carry outsized voting rights. Alphabet acquired DeepMind for roughly $650 million in 2014, the deal that eventually produced the team behind Gemini.

Alphabet also invests in AI companies outside its own walls. It committed up to $40 billion to Anthropic in April 2026, separate from its ownership of Gemini. Anthropic’s own ownership structure reflects a mix of corporate backers and remains distinct from Alphabet’s.

Who controls Alphabet?

Alphabet’s shares split into three classes. Class A (GOOGL) carries one vote per share and trades publicly. Class B, held almost entirely by insiders, carries ten votes per share. Class C (GOOG) carries no vote.

Because Page and Brin hold most of the Class B pool, they command roughly 51% of total voting power as of late 2025, even though their combined economic stake is far smaller. This dual-class setup mirrors the structure other large tech firms use to keep founders in charge; Meta’s ownership and voting structure follows a similar pattern under Mark Zuckerberg.

Alphabet’s board includes independent directors alongside Pichai, Page, and Brin, but voting control sits with the founders rather than the board as a whole.

Is Alphabet publicly traded?

Yes. Alphabet trades on the Nasdaq under GOOGL (Class A) and GOOG (Class C). Its shares have been public since Google’s 2004 IPO, carried forward under the Alphabet holding structure created in 2015.

Gemini itself has no separate listing and no path to one under discussion. That sets it apart from rivals such as OpenAI, whose restructuring and complex ownership arrangement have drawn far more public scrutiny.

FAQ

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Grok is not owned separately. It is a product line built by xAI, which SpaceX bought outright on February 2, 2026, and later renamed SpaceXAI. SpaceX itself is a public company on the Nasdaq, and Elon Musk controls the majority of its voting power.

Grok ownership at a glance

Who owns SpaceXAI, the company behind Grok?

SpaceXAI is not independent, so there is no separate ownership to trace. SpaceX acquired xAI in an all-stock deal that closed February 2, 2026, at a reported $250 billion valuation, making it a wholly owned subsidiary. xAI had already absorbed X Corp, the company behind the social network X, in a March 2025 deal worth $33 billion, so Grok, X, and the Colossus compute cluster now sit under one parent.

That parent is SpaceX. Musk founded the company in 2002, remains its largest shareholder and chief executive, and opened part of its cap table to the public with a June 2026 IPO.

Who controls SpaceXAI and Grok’s development?

Control and ownership point to the same person. SpaceX’s dual-class shares give Musk roughly 82 to 85 percent of voting power after the IPO, the same lever he uses over Starlink and Starship. Day-to-day management sits with Michael Nicolls, who moved from running Starlink to become xAI’s president in April 2026 after CFO Anthony Armstrong departed. There is no separate Grok or xAI board; oversight runs through SpaceX’s board since Musk said in May 2026 that xAI would stop existing as a distinct company.

SpaceXAI’s funding and acquisition history

xAI launched in July 2023 and shipped Grok-1 that November. A Series B and Series C in 2024 brought in Andreessen Horowitz, Sequoia Capital, and Fidelity, plus sovereign funds from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Oman. By January 2026, xAI closed a $20 billion Series E, with Tesla contributing $2 billion. A month later, SpaceX bought the company outright. xAI separately struck a deal in April 2026 for the right to buy Anysphere, the company behind the Cursor coding tool, for $60 billion, and SpaceXAI completed that acquisition in August 2026. Anyone tracking how OpenAI’s ownership has evolved will recognize the same pattern of a research lab consolidating under a larger parent.

Who are the biggest investors behind Grok?

Because xAI no longer trades separately, its former backers hold exposure through SpaceX now. Nvidia invested directly and also arranged a $20 billion off-balance-sheet deal to lease GPU capacity to xAI, closed in October 2025, echoing Nvidia’s wider startup investment activity. Other pre-merger backers included Valor Equity Partners, Vy Capital, BlackRock, Lightspeed, MGX, and AMD, alongside Kingdom Holding, the Qatar Investment Authority, and Oman’s sovereign fund.

Is SpaceXAI publicly traded?

SpaceXAI has no separate stock. Its parent, SpaceX, listed on the Nasdaq under ticker SPCX on June 12, 2026, pricing at $135 a share and raising about $75 billion. Shares closed their first day at $160.95, up 19 percent. Grok has no path to its own listing unless SpaceX spins the AI division out, and nothing public points to that.

What is Grok and who runs it?

Grok is the chatbot and model family xAI built to compete with ChatGPT and Gemini, distributed through the X app, a standalone Grok app, and an API. It launched as Grok-1 in November 2023 and by mid-2026 had progressed through Grok 4, Grok 4 Heavy, and Grok 4.5, aimed at coding and agentic tasks. It has never been sold or spun out on its own; it moved from an xAI product to a SpaceX product at the February 2026 merger and stayed a product line under the August 2026 SpaceXAI rebrand. Nicolls handles operational leadership, with Musk setting direction as SpaceX’s controlling shareholder. For comparison, see how ownership concentrates differently at Anthropic, or where SpaceXAI ranks in a roundup of the most heavily funded AI companies.

FAQ

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Mark Zuckerberg is the largest and controlling shareholder of Meta Platforms, Inc., a publicly traded American company on Nasdaq with a market capitalization of about $1.39 trillion as of August 20, 2026. He holds roughly 13.5% of outstanding shares and 61% of the voting power. No parent company owns Meta.

Meta ownership at a glance

The figures below come from Meta’s 2026 proxy statement, filed April 16, 2026, and from Schedule 13G filings by institutional holders. Meta qualifies as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq rules because one shareholder holds a majority of the voting power.

Who owns Meta today?

Meta had 2,196,045,588 Class A shares and 342,377,716 Class B shares outstanding as of April 1, 2026, the record date in its 2026 proxy statement.

Zuckerberg owns nearly all of the Class B stock. Against the combined share count, that works out to roughly 13.5% of the company by economic ownership.

He holds most of those shares indirectly, through CZI Holdings, several CZ Holdings entities and CZ Management, all beneficially owned by him. A 2006 trust sits above CZI, and Zuckerberg is its sole trustee, so he retains sole voting and investment power over the securities.

The rest of the company sits with institutional and retail holders of Class A stock. Other executives own Class A shares only: Susan Li, Christopher Cox, Javier Olivan and Andrew Bosworth each held well under 1% at the last disclosure.

Who controls Meta?

Control and economic ownership are not the same thing here. Class A shares carry one vote each. Class B shares carry ten. That ratio gives Zuckerberg 61% of the total voting power on a stake of about one-seventh of the equity.

Shareholders filed a proposal in 2026 asking Meta to collapse the dual-class structure. The board recommended a vote against it, and all ten shareholder proposals failed at the May 27, 2026 annual meeting. Zuckerberg’s votes alone are enough to decide the outcome.

The board has twelve directors as of the 2026 annual meeting, eleven of them independent. Robert Kimmitt serves as lead independent director. Meta’s charter also triggers a classified board if Class B stock ever drops below a majority of combined voting power.

Who are Meta’s largest shareholders?

Institutional investors hold the bulk of Meta’s Class A stock, though their votes carry a fraction of the weight of Zuckerberg’s.

Vanguard Capital Management reported 163,839,861 shares, or 7.49% of the class, as of March 31, 2026. Its sole voting power covered only 21,701,704 of those shares.

FMR LLC, the Fidelity parent, reported 96,176,347 Class A shares, or 4.4% of the class, as of June 30, 2026. Fintel counts 5,243 institutions holding 1.71 billion Meta shares, with BlackRock, State Street, Geode and JPMorgan also near the top.

Insider ownership outside Zuckerberg is small. Retail investors hold the remainder of the Class A float, which trades freely on Nasdaq.

Who are the biggest investors in Meta?

Meta stopped raising private capital in 2012, so today’s largest investors are index and asset managers rather than venture funds. The ranking below reflects the most recent SEC filings available.

• Mark Zuckerberg: about 13.5% of shares, 61% of votes
• Vanguard: 7.49% of Class A, March 31, 2026
• FMR LLC (Fidelity): 4.4% of Class A, June 30, 2026
• BlackRock: among the largest institutional holders by share count
• State Street, Geode Capital Management, JPMorgan Chase

Meta itself is now a large investor in other companies. Its $14.3 billion purchase of a 49% stake in Scale AI in June 2025 stands among the biggest checks in the sector, and Scale still ranks high on the list of top-funded AI startups. A minority stake of that kind does not confer ownership, which is why Scale continues to be counted separately from Meta in rankings of Bay Area AI companies by capital raised.

Is Meta publicly traded?

Yes. Meta trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker META, having listed on May 18, 2012 as FB and changed the symbol in 2022.

Meta reported 2025 revenue of $200.97 billion and operating income of $83.28 billion, a 41% margin. Shares closed at $547.98 on August 19, 2026, down from a record close of $787.42 in August 2025 as spending on Meta Compute and its 2026 AI roadmap weighed on sentiment. Chip suppliers reacted to the same shift, as tracked in coverage of Nvidia’s startup investments.

FAQ

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No parent company owns Spotify. Spotify Technology S.A. is registered in Luxembourg and trades on the New York Stock Exchange, where its market value was about $106 billion in mid-August 2026. Co-founders Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon are the largest individual holders, with roughly 14.3% and 9.8% of ordinary shares.

Spotify ownership at a glance

Ownership splits between the two founders, large fund managers, four Tencent entities, and retail investors who bought in after the 2018 direct listing. Voting power is a separate question, because the founders hold instruments that carry votes and no economic value.

Who owns Spotify today?

Spotify had 205,832,527 ordinary shares outstanding on December 31, 2025, according to the Form 20-F it filed on February 10, 2026.

Ek is listed as the beneficial owner of about 29.1 million of those shares, or 14.3%. That number overstates what he owns outright.

Roughly 16.6 million of them sit with four Tencent-linked entities: TME Hong Kong, Image Frame Investment, Tencent Mobility and Distribution Pool. Ek’s Cyprus company, D.G.E. Investments, holds an irrevocable proxy over that block.

Lorentzon holds close to 20 million shares, or 9.8%. Most are held by Rosello Company Limited, a Cyprus entity owned through Amaltea S.à r.l., where he is the sole shareholder.

Institutions hold most of the remainder. Employee options and restricted stock are settled with new or treasury shares, and Spotify does not report the pool as a fixed percentage, which is common once founder stakes settle after the growth-round years.

Who controls Spotify?

Control and ownership separate cleanly here. Every ordinary share carries one vote. Spotify has also issued beneficiary certificates, which carry one vote each and no economic rights.

There were 309,932,980 of them outstanding on December 31, 2025, down from 324,732,980 a year earlier. They go only to entities owned by Ek and Lorentzon, at ten certificates per ordinary share held of record, and they are cancelled for no payment if the linked share is sold.

The result: Lorentzon held about 40.5% of total voting power at the end of 2025 and Ek about 28.8%, or roughly 69% between them. The mechanism differs from the weighted share classes used by Pinterest and other founder-led consumer platforms.

Shareholders elected 12 directors at the April 15, 2026 annual meeting: A directors Ek, Lorentzon and Shishir Mehrotra, plus nine B directors including Ted Sarandos, Barry McCarthy and Padmasree Warrior.

Who are Spotify’s largest shareholders?

Institutional managers hold roughly two-thirds of the ordinary shares. Individual insiders account for about 16%, and retail investors for most of the rest.

By record holding rather than beneficial ownership, Lorentzon is first at about 9.7%. The Tencent entities together hold 8.1%, and D.G.E. Investments holds 6.1% directly.

BlackRock is the largest institutional holder at about 5.6%, followed by Baillie Gifford at 4.1%. State Street, Capital Research, T. Rowe Price and Morgan Stanley Investment Management each hold between 1.7% and 2.3%.

None of them carry weight in a vote. Baillie Gifford’s 4.1% economic stake translates to under 2% of total votes once the beneficiary certificates are counted.

Who are the biggest investors in Spotify?

Baillie Gifford has been the most active long-term holder. The Edinburgh firm owned about 12% of Spotify at the end of 2023 and has cut that position by roughly two-thirds since. BlackRock has moved the other way, adding shares across recent quarters.

The largest reported holders as of mid-2026:

• Martin Lorentzon, about 9.7%
• Tencent entities, about 8.1%
• D.G.E. Investments (Daniel Ek), about 6.1%
• BlackRock, about 5.6%
• Baillie Gifford, about 4.1%
• State Street Global Advisors, about 2.3%

Tencent’s stake came from a 2017 share swap. Spotify received shares in Tencent Music Entertainment, which remain its largest long-term investment, and a cross-holding of the kind that also shows up in the layered cap table behind OpenAI.

Is Spotify publicly traded?

Yes. Spotify trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker SPOT. It went public through a direct listing on April 3, 2018, opening at a market value near $26.4 billion without issuing new shares.

The stock traded between $405 and $745 over the past 52 weeks and sat near $536 on August 21, 2026. Spotify pays no dividend. Shareholders approved a 10 million share repurchase authorisation in April 2026, and the company added $1.5 billion to the program in August. Its route to the market still stands apart from the conventional IPO pipeline tracked across the AI sector.

FAQ

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Discord Inc. is a privately held US company with no controlling shareholder, headquartered in San Francisco. Co-founder Jason Citron is the largest individual holder, alongside institutional backers including Dragoneer, Greenoaks, Benchmark and Index Ventures. Its last primary round, in September 2021, valued it at about $15 billion.

Discord ownership at a glance

Discord has never published a shareholder register, so stakes below are marked undisclosed rather than estimated.

Who owns Discord today?

Ownership sits with the two co-founders, current and former employees holding equity, and roughly 10 rounds’ worth of venture and institutional investors. Forge Global counts just over $1 billion raised across those primary rounds as of July 2026.

Citron, who ran the company as chief executive from 2015 until April 2025, holds the largest individual position. Stanislav Vishnevskiy, co-founder and chief technology officer, holds the second founder stake. Neither figure has been published, and no proxy or SEC ownership filing exists because the shares are not registered.

Two strategic holders sit on the cap table. Tencent has been an investor since 2015, when it backed Hammer & Chisel alongside Benchmark, and Sony Interactive Entertainment took a minority position in 2021 as part of the PlayStation integration deal. Both are minority stakes with no disclosed board seat. Founder equity thins as institutional money arrives, a pattern covered in this guide to founder equity and dilution.

Who controls Discord?

Control and economic ownership are not split by any publicly disclosed dual-class structure. Discord has not published its share classes, voting arrangements or full board roster.

Sakhnini joined the board of directors when he became chief executive on April 28, 2025. Citron remained a director and moved into an advisor role to the incoming CEO. Mitch Lasky, the Benchmark partner who backed the company early, was identified as a board member in the same announcement.

Day-to-day direction now runs through Sakhnini, who came from Activision Blizzard, where he was vice chairman, and before that led King Digital Entertainment. Citron said the appointment was made to prepare the company for eventually operating as a public company.

Discord’s funding and ownership history

Benchmark and Tencent backed Hammer & Chisel in February 2015, before the chat app launched. Greylock Partners led a round of more than $20 million in January 2016 at a $260 million valuation.

A roughly $50 million round in December 2017 lifted that to about $725 million, with Benchmark, Greylock, Index Ventures, IVP and Spark Capital taking part. Greenoaks Capital then led $150 million in December 2018 at more than $2 billion.

Two rounds of about $100 million each followed in 2020, first at roughly $3.5 billion and then at about $7 billion as pandemic usage climbed. Microsoft opened acquisition talks in early 2021 at a reported $10 billion or more; the Wall Street Journal reported on April 20, 2021 that Discord ended those discussions.

The September 2021 round closed the sequence: $500 million led by Dragoneer Investment Group, with Baillie Gifford, Coatue Management, Fidelity and Franklin Templeton participating, at about $15 billion. No primary round has repriced the company since.

Who are the biggest investors in Discord?

The cap table splits into early venture firms holding since 2015–2018, crossover and mutual-fund investors from 2020–2021, and two gaming strategics.

• Dragoneer Investment Group — led the $500 million round in September 2021
• Greenoaks Capital — led the $150 million round in December 2018
• Benchmark Capital — investor since the 2015 Hammer & Chisel round
• Greylock Partners — led the $20 million round in January 2016
• Index Ventures, IVP and Spark Capital — participants from the 2017 round onward
• Tencent — minority holder since 2015
• Sony Interactive Entertainment — minority holder since 2021
• Fidelity, Baillie Gifford, Coatue Management and Franklin Templeton — 2021 round

For comparison with a company that has already made the same transition, see this breakdown of Pinterest’s shareholders.

Is Discord publicly traded?

No. Bloomberg reported on January 6, 2026 that Discord filed confidentially for a US initial public offering, working with Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase, and noted the company could still decide not to proceed. As of August 2026, no pricing, listing date, exchange or ticker has been confirmed. Other names in the same queue are listed in the 2026 tech IPO pipeline tracker.

Until then, shares change hands only through private secondary transactions. Forge Global priced Discord stock at $31.31 on July 8, 2026, implying a valuation of $8.53 billion — below both the 2021 mark and the reported Microsoft offer. Private-company ownership questions of this kind are also covered in this look at how OpenAI’s equity is divided.

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Facebook is owned by Meta Platforms, Inc., a public American company that trades on Nasdaq under the ticker META. Facebook is a product inside Meta rather than a separate business, so it has no investors or balance sheet of its own. Meta’s market value was about $1.39 trillion on August 20, 2026.

Facebook ownership at a glance

Who owns Facebook today?

Meta had 2,196,045,588 Class A shares and 342,377,716 Class B shares outstanding as of April 1, 2026, according to its 2026 proxy statement.

Zuckerberg held 99.8% of the Class B stock on that date, which works out to roughly 13.5% of all shares. Every other holder owns Class A stock.

Vanguard Capital Management reported 163,839,861 shares, or 7.49% of the class, as of March 31, 2026. The proxy lists BlackRock entities at 7.2% of Class A and FMR, Fidelity’s parent, at 6.1%.

Retail investors, index funds and pension funds hold the rest. None of them owns Facebook the product directly; they own a claim on Meta’s earnings, which came to $15.85 billion in the second quarter of 2026 on revenue of $60.80 billion. The split resembles the shareholder structure at Pinterest, where founders keep supervoting stock while institutions absorb the float.

Who controls Facebook after the dual-class split?

Ownership and control are separate at Meta. Class A shares carry one vote each and Class B shares carry ten, and Zuckerberg controlled 60.8% of total voting power as of April 1, 2026.

That majority makes Meta a controlled company under Nasdaq rules, which exempts it from requirements on board independence. The board opted into those standards anyway: eleven of the twelve directors elected in May 2026 are independent, and Robert Kimmitt is lead independent director.

Shareholders have tested the arrangement and lost. A proposal to move to one vote per share drew about 26% support at the May 27, 2026 annual meeting, and all ten shareholder proposals were defeated.

What else does Meta own besides Facebook?

Meta bought Instagram in April 2012 for about $1 billion and WhatsApp in February 2014 in a deal valued at $19 billion at announcement. Oculus followed in March 2014 for roughly $2 billion, and now anchors the Reality Labs hardware unit.

Messenger and Threads were built in house. Facebook, Instagram, Messenger and WhatsApp sit in the Family of Apps segment, which produced $23.39 billion of operating profit in the second quarter of 2026 while Reality Labs lost $4.62 billion.

The newer spending goes to artificial intelligence. Meta paid $14.3 billion for 49% of Scale AI in June 2025 and hired founder Alexandr Wang, and it has since expanded its chip supply arrangement with Nvidia and launched a cloud unit.

Facebook ownership history from 2004 to 2026

Zuckerberg launched thefacebook.com from a Harvard dorm on February 4, 2004 with Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum and Chris Hughes.

Peter Thiel put in $500,000 in August 2004 for a 10.2% stake. Accel Partners led a $12.7 million round in May 2005 for about 11%, and Greylock and Meritech Capital supplied $27.5 million in April 2006.

Microsoft paid $240 million in October 2007 for 1.6%, a price that valued the company at $15 billion. The IPO came on May 18, 2012 at $38 a share, raising about $16 billion at a $104 billion valuation.

Facebook, Inc. renamed itself Meta Platforms on October 28, 2021. Facebook kept its name as an app. Meta stopped disclosing app-level user counts after 2023, when Facebook averaged 2.11 billion daily users in December 2023 and reported 3.07 billion monthly users. The current measure, family daily active people, reached 3.60 billion in June 2026.

Is Facebook publicly traded?

Facebook cannot be bought as a standalone stock. Buying Meta Class A shares on Nasdaq is the only way to own a share of it, and those shares carry one vote each.

Class B stock does not trade publicly and converts to Class A one for one when sold. Meta has paid a quarterly dividend since 2024 and returned $1.3 billion to shareholders in the first quarter of 2026. Investors watching for newer listings can track the AI companies still queued for a public debut.

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